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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...

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MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor
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Essential tremor.

Elan D Louis1

  • 1GH Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. EDL2@columbia.edu

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Essential tremor (ET) is a common neurological disorder characterized by kinetic tremor. Research suggests cerebellar and pathway alterations may underlie this condition, impacting prevalence and genetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Essential tremor (ET) is a prevalent neurological disorder.
  • It is characterized by kinetic tremor, often affecting the arms and potentially the head.

Observation:

  • ET can present with varying severity, from mild to severe.
  • Additional motor features like gait difficulty and mild cognitive changes, particularly executive dysfunction, are observed.

Findings:

  • Prevalence estimates suggest at least 4% in individuals aged 40 and older.
  • Genetic factors are implicated, but specific ET genes remain unidentified.
  • Postmortem studies indicate structural changes in the cerebellum and its pathways.

Implications:

  • Understanding ET's pathophysiology is crucial for developing targeted treatments.
  • Further research into genetic and environmental factors is needed to clarify etiology.
  • Identifying cerebellar alterations offers new avenues for therapeutic strategies.