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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Staining the Cytoplasmic Ca2+ with Fluo-4/AM in Apple Pulp
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Published on: November 6, 2021

Acidic Ca(2+) stores come to the fore.

Sandip Patel, Shmuel Muallem

    Cell Calcium
    |April 19, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Acidic organelles, such as vacuoles and lysosomes, control cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. These acidic Ca2+ stores are crucial for physiological processes and implicated in diseases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cellular Biology
    • Biochemistry
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration changes are fundamental to signal transduction.
    • Acidic organelles play a significant role in regulating Ca(2+) dynamics across diverse organisms.

    Discussion:

    • This special issue explores Ca(2+) signaling from various acidic Ca(2+) stores, including acidocalcisomes, vacuoles, endo-lysosomal systems, and the Golgi complex.
    • Ca(2+) release from these organelles is mediated by TRP channels and two-pore channels, with traditional ER channels also implicated.
    • Ca(2+) uptake is facilitated by Ca(2+) ATPases and Ca(2+)/H(+) exchangers.

    Key Insights:

    • NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a key messenger in animal cells, activating two-pore channels to mediate Ca(2+) signals from acidic stores.
    • These Ca(2+) signals are vital for muscle contraction, cell differentiation, and other physiological functions.
    • Dysfunction of acidic Ca(2+) stores is linked to conditions like acute pancreatitis and lysosomal storage disorders.

    Outlook:

    • Acidic Ca(2+) stores are increasingly recognized as critical components of the cellular Ca(2+) signaling network.
    • Further research into these organelles is essential for understanding their roles in health and disease.