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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

Cannabinoids for pain management.

Adam Thaler, Anita Gupta, Steven P Cohen

    Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine
    |April 22, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cannabinoids show moderate pain relief for neuropathic and central pain, and improve spasticity. However, their use for general pain is uncertain, and potential side effects warrant caution.

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    Oromucosal as an Alternative Method for Administration of Cannabis Products in Rodents
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    Oromucosal as an Alternative Method for Administration of Cannabis Products in Rodents

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    Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
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    Oromucosal as an Alternative Method for Administration of Cannabis Products in Rodents
    03:43

    Oromucosal as an Alternative Method for Administration of Cannabis Products in Rodents

    Published on: August 22, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Pain Medicine
    • Neurology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Cannabinoids have a long history of use for symptom relief.
    • Recent clinical trials are critically evaluating their efficacy and safety.
    • Evidence for cannabinoids in various pain conditions is accumulating.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the evidence for cannabinoid efficacy in different pain states.
    • To examine potential adverse effects associated with cannabinoid use.
    • To provide guidance on the appropriate use of cannabinoids in pain management.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review of clinical trials and controlled studies.
    • Analysis of evidence for analgesic effects in neuropathic, central, and nociceptive pain.
    • Evaluation of cannabinoid impact on spasticity.
    • Assessment of reported adverse events.

    Main Results:

    • Strong evidence supports a moderate analgesic effect in peripheral neuropathic and central pain.
    • Conflicting evidence exists regarding cannabinoids for nociceptive pain.
    • Most controlled studies show significant improvement in spasticity.
    • Adverse effects are common but typically mild and self-limiting.

    Conclusions:

    • Cannabinoids are effective for certain pain types and spasticity.
    • Their use as analgesics should be considered after other treatments fail or as part of a multimodal approach.
    • Limited effect size and risk of adverse events necessitate careful consideration.