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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

Ketamine in pain management.

Steven P Cohen, Wesley Liao, Anita Gupta

    Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine
    |April 22, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, offers short-term pain relief for neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Long-term use for chronic pain is limited by side effects, requiring further research for optimal application.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

    Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
    02:26

    Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

    Published on: April 9, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Anesthesiology and Pain Management
    • Neuroscience
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with over 30 years of clinical use.
    • It provides potent analgesia and amnesia while preserving spontaneous respiration, making it suitable for procedural pain and trauma.
    • Its application in chronic pain management is an evolving area of research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current evidence and evolving role of ketamine in managing chronic pain conditions.
    • To explore ketamine's potential mechanisms in addressing neuropathic and central pain states, including preventing 'windup' and 'rebooting' aberrant pathways.
    • To identify limitations and future research directions for long-term ketamine therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of existing studies on ketamine's efficacy and side effects in pain management.
    • Analysis of evidence supporting short-term versus long-term use for various pain types.
    • Discussion of anecdotal evidence and theoretical benefits for chronic pain.

    Main Results:

    • Strong evidence supports short-term ketamine use for neuropathic and nociceptive pain.
    • Evidence for preemptive analgesia with ketamine is conflicting.
    • Long-term efficacy and safety for chronic neuropathic pain are largely anecdotal and require further investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • Ketamine shows promise for short-term pain management, particularly in neuropathic and nociceptive pain.
    • Significant side effects currently limit its long-term application in chronic pain.
    • Further research is essential to determine optimal patient selection, long-term efficacy, and strategies to mitigate adverse effects.