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Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
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Task-irrelevant angry faces capture attention in visual search while modulated by resources.

Shwu-Lih Huang1, Yu-Chieh Chang, Yu-Ju Chen

  • 1Department of Psychology, Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, ROC. slh@nccu.edu.tw

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|April 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Task-irrelevant angry faces capture attention, even when not needed. This attentional capture effect by angry faces is reduced when attention is limited or faces are inverted.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Emotional Processing

Background:

  • Emotional stimuli often capture attention.
  • The role of attentional resources in processing emotional stimuli is not fully understood.
  • Investigating attentional capture by emotional faces in a task-irrelevant context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the attentional capture effect of emotional faces under varying attentional conditions.
  • To determine if task-irrelevant angry faces can capture attention automatically.
  • To explore how attentional resource availability modulates this effect.

Main Methods:

  • Modified visual search paradigm using schematic angry, happy, and neutral faces.
  • Participants searched for a target face, with emotional face presence being task-irrelevant.
  • Experiments manipulated face orientation and attentional cueing to assess modulation.

Main Results:

  • Angry faces as targets accelerated response times; as distractors, they delayed response times.
  • Inverting faces reduced the attentional capture effect of angry faces.
  • Attentional cueing weakened the effect of angry faces outside the cued area.

Conclusions:

  • Task-irrelevant angry faces can capture attention, overriding top-down control.
  • The attentional capture effect is modulated by the availability of attentional resources.
  • Emotional face processing is influenced by both stimulus salience and attentional control.