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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Crystal Density01:19

Crystal Density

The crystal lattice structure of a material allows us to determine how many molecules exist in its unit cell. With this information, alongside the unit-cell parameters - three distance parameters (a, b, c) and three angular parameters (α, β, γ).Density (ρ) = (Z × M) / (a × b × c × NA)where:Z is the number of formula units per unit cellM is the molar mass of the substancea, b, and c are the edge lengths of the unit cellNA is Avogadro’s numberFor a simple cubic lattice, atoms are located only at...
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

High density amorphous ice at room temperature.

Jing-Yin Chen1, Choong-Shik Yoo

  • 1Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2816, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-density amorphous (HDA) ice was formed above its typical crystallization temperature under rapid compression. This finding challenges existing models of water's phase diagram and pressure-induced amorphization.

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

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A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
09:50

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • The phase diagram of water (H2O) is complex, featuring numerous polymorphs and amorphous ices.
  • Kinetically stable amorphous ices are known, but their stability fields and formation dynamics are poorly understood.
  • Typically, amorphous ices form below 150-170 K at pressures above 4-5 GPa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice under novel conditions.
  • To explore the possibility of HDA ice formation within the 'no-man's land' of the water phase diagram.
  • To understand the mechanisms driving pressure-induced amorphization in water ice.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a dynamic-diamond anvil cell (d-DAC) for rapid compression experiments.
  • Applied pressures of 1 GPa to metastable ice VII.
  • Analyzed structural transformations and phase behavior under dynamic compression.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice formation at 1 GPa and above the typical crystallization temperature.
  • HDA ice formed from metastable ice VII within the stability field of ice VI.
  • The formation process involved interfacial growth, not melting, driven by structural similarities between HDA and ice VII.

Conclusions:

  • High-density amorphous (HDA) ice can form under conditions previously thought impossible, expanding the known phase behavior of water.
  • The formation of HDA ice in the 'no-man's land' suggests structural instabilities in parent ice phases are key drivers of amorphization.
  • Findings challenge current understanding of water's phase diagram and pressure-induced amorphization mechanisms.