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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

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Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.0K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

46.0K
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
46.0K
States of Water01:23

States of Water

52.4K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Evidence for superionic H2O and diffusive He-H2O at high temperature and high pressure.

Minseob Kim1, Kenta Oka1, Sohan Ahmed1

  • 1Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|July 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a superionic phase in water (H2O) and a novel diffusive H2O-Helium (He) phase using X-ray diffraction. These phases exhibit similar structures but distinct formation dynamics under extreme pressure and temperature conditions.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • High-pressure physics
  • Materials science
  • Planetary science

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of water under extreme conditions is crucial for planetary science.
  • Previous studies have explored various phases of water at high pressures, but the formation of diffusive phases with noble gases remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and structural properties of superionic water (H2O) and a novel diffusive H2O-Helium (He) phase.
  • To elucidate the distinct transition dynamics and underlying mechanisms governing these phases.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted on laser-heated samples within diamond anvil cells.
  • Analysis focused on lattice parameter evolution over time and temperature at gigapascal (GPa) pressures.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for a superionic H2O phase and a newly identified diffusive H2O-He phase was obtained.
  • Both phases exhibit a similar body-centered cubic (bcc)-like structure.
  • Superionic H2O forms gradually (1350-1400 K at 23 GPa), while the diffusive H2O-He phase forms abruptly (1300 K at 26 GPa).

Conclusions:

  • The faster transition dynamics and lower formation temperature of the H2O-He phase are attributed to the higher diffusion coefficient of interstitial He compared to bound H atoms.
  • The findings support theoretical predictions of a He-disordered diffusive phase at lower temperatures in H2O-He mixtures.