Is placental iodine content related to dietary iodine intake?

Delivery of iodine to the foetus depends not only on maternal dietary iodine intake but also on the presence of a functioning placental transport system. A role for the placenta as an iodine storage organ has been suggested, and this study compares the iodine content of placentas from women giving birth at term in Ireland and Iran, areas with median urinary iodine of 79 and 206 μg/l respectively.

Placental cotyledon iodine was measured using an alkaline ashing technique with Sandell-Kolthoff kinetic colorimetry. Samples were taken from six sites from the centre and periphery of each cotyledon. Placentas (Ireland n = 58; Iran n = 45) were obtained from consecutive euthyroid women delivering at term.

The median placental iodine (μg/g wet weight) was significantly higher in Iranian than in Irish women (187·2 μg/g vs 34·3 μg/g; P < 0·001). The distribution of individual placental iodine values showed that values >50μg/g were found in 71·0% of Iranian and in only 21·0% of Irish samples. In Irish subjects, the relationship of placental iodine to pregnant population urinary iodine (UI) (ng/g:μg/l) was 1:2 (40:79), while in Iranians this ratio is closer to 1:1 (211:206).

These findings, by demonstrating an apparent ability of the placenta to store iodine in a concentration-dependent manner, suggest a hitherto undetected role for the placenta. Whether placental iodine has a role in protecting the foetus from inadequacies in maternal dietary iodine intake is as yet unknown.