Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Higher-order metal-organic halogen-bonded cocrystals relying on a single supramolecular synthon.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Long-range metal-metal cooperative nitrile activation in 1,8-diazaanthracene-supported dicopper complexes.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Synthesis and characterisation of novel dipyridine and pyridinyl benzoquinoline complexes of zinc and nickel.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Unlocking Heterobimetallic Architectures in a Symmetric PNNP Ligand Environment.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Redox Noninnocence in First-Row Transition Metal Complexes of a π-Extended β-Diketiminate.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Riding into Reality: How Ride-Alongs with Mobile Integrated Healthcare Shape Medical Student Understanding of Social Determinants of Health.

Prehospital emergency care·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library
13:37

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Published on: June 20, 2014

l-Alanine methyl ester hydro-chloride monohydrate.

Martin Lutz1, Arie Schouten

  • 1Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|April 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The study describes the crystal structure of an enanti-pure compound. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding forms a 2D network, influenced by non-merohedral twinning.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Mechanically Stable Self-Assembled Peptides Hydrogels
05:24

Preparation of Mechanically Stable Self-Assembled Peptides Hydrogels

Published on: September 6, 2024

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library
13:37

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Published on: June 20, 2014

Preparation of Mechanically Stable Self-Assembled Peptides Hydrogels
05:24

Preparation of Mechanically Stable Self-Assembled Peptides Hydrogels

Published on: September 6, 2024

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
11:04

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

Published on: June 13, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the supramolecular assembly of organic compounds is crucial for materials design.
  • Enanti-pure compounds offer unique properties for chiral applications.
  • Crystal structure analysis reveals detailed molecular arrangements and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the enanti-pure title compound.
  • To investigate the role of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in network formation.
  • To analyze the impact of non-merohedral twinning on structural determination.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed for structural analysis.
  • Intensity data integration and structure refinement were performed.
  • The crystal structure was analyzed for hydrogen bonding patterns and network topology.

Main Results:

  • The enanti-pure compound, C(4)H(10)NO(2)(+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O, forms a two-dimensional network.
  • Intermolecular hydrogen bonding dictates the parallel arrangement of these networks along the (010) direction.
  • Non-merohedral twinning with a twofold rotation about the reciprocal c* axis was identified and accounted for.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals a well-defined 2D hydrogen-bonded network.
  • Non-merohedral twinning influences the observed crystal orientation and requires specific treatment during analysis.
  • This detailed structural understanding provides a basis for further investigations into the compound's properties and potential applications.