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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

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Poly[diaqua-μ(3)-4-nitro-phthalato-copper(II)].

Ming-Lin Guo1

  • 1School of Environment and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300160, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|April 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a copper(II) coordination polymer using 4-nitro-phthalate ligands. The complex forms a 3D structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds, revealing intricate coordination chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Coordination polymers offer tunable properties based on metal ions and organic ligands.
  • 4-nitro-phthalate is a versatile ligand for constructing complex metal-organic frameworks.
  • Understanding the structural motifs is key to designing materials with specific functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel copper(II) coordination polymer with 4-nitro-phthalate.
  • To elucidate the coordination modes and hydrogen bonding interactions within the complex.
  • To describe the self-assembly of the coordination polymer into a three-dimensional structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Infrared spectroscopy to identify functional groups and coordination modes.
  • Analysis of bonding and non-bonding interactions (hydrogen bonds).

Main Results:

  • The copper(II) center exhibits approximate square-pyramidal coordination geometry.
  • 4-nitro-phthalate ligands display both monodentate and 1,3-bridging coordination modes.
  • A two-dimensional layered structure is formed, extended to a three-dimensional network via hydrogen bonding.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized complex, [Cu(C(8)H(3)NO(6))(H(2)O)(2)](n), demonstrates complex coordination behavior.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in stabilizing the 3D architecture of the coordination polymer.
  • The study provides insights into the structural diversity achievable with copper and nitro-phthalate systems.