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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

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Crystal structures of three <i>N</i>-acyl-hydrazone isomers.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2021

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Crystal structures and the Hirshfeld surface analysis of <i>(E)</i>-4-nitro-<i>N</i>'-(<i>o</i>-chloro, <i>o</i>- and <i>p</i>-methyl-benzyl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazides.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of two (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-(<i>para</i>-substituted benzyl-idene) 4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazides.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzyl-idene]aryl-sulfono-hydrazides.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>Z</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(4-oxo-thia-zol-idin-2-yl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide monohydrate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-benzyl-idene-4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazide and of its (<i>E</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(<i>ortho</i>- and <i>para</i>-methyl-benzyl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide derivatives.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2018

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

N-(3,5-Dimethyl-phen-yl)succinamic acid.

B S Saraswathi, Sabine Foro, B Thimme Gowda

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|April 28, 2011

Summary

This study details the molecular structure of a novel organic compound, C(12)H(15)NO(3). Analysis reveals specific anti-periplanar bond orientations and a 3D crystal network formed by hydrogen bonds.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Structure Analysis

Background:

Understanding the precise arrangement of atoms and bonds in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
Crystal structure analysis provides fundamental insights into intermolecular forces and solid-state behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the detailed molecular and crystal structure of the compound C(12)H(15)NO(3).
To investigate the spatial orientation of key chemical bonds within the molecule.
To characterize the intermolecular interactions responsible for the compound's crystal packing.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles provided information on molecular geometry.

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

Identification and analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O) were performed.

Main Results:

The N-H and C=O bonds were found to be in an anti configuration.
The C=O and O-H bonds of the acid group exhibited an anti-periplanar orientation.
A three-dimensional crystal network was observed, stabilized by intermolecular O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

The specific anti-periplanar and anti bond orientations influence the molecule's conformation.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the formation of the observed 3D crystal lattice.
The determined structure provides a foundation for further studies on the compound's chemical and physical properties.