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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines01:10

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.
Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

2-[(4-Methyl-phen-yl)sulfan-yl]aniline.

Richard Betz1, Thomas Gerber, Henk Schalekamp

  • 1Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, Department of Chemistry, University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|April 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure of an aniline derivative reveals two aromatic rings nearly perpendicular, with a dihedral angle of 87.80 degrees. Hydrogen bonds form tetra-meric units, indicating specific molecular interactions in the solid state.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Published on: January 19, 2016

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Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Aniline derivatives are important in various chemical applications.
  • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of a specific aniline derivative (C13H13NS).
  • To analyze the molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of the crystal structure included identifying hydrogen bonding patterns and calculating dihedral angles.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C13H13NS was determined.
  • The aromatic moieties exhibit a dihedral angle of 87.80(7)°, indicating near-perpendicular orientation.
  • A weak intramolecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bond and co-operative N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds were identified, leading to the formation of tetra-meric units.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides detailed insights into the solid-state arrangement of the title aniline derivative.
  • The identified hydrogen bonding network significantly influences the self-assembly of molecules into tetra-meric structures.