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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine
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2,3-Dimeth-oxy-benzaldehyde azine.

Qamar Ali, Itrat Anis, M Raza Shah

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |April 28, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of C(18)H(20)N(2)O(4), revealing one-and-a-half independent molecules. The research highlights molecular symmetry, benzene ring alignment, and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal lattice.

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    Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

    Published on: July 28, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic compounds is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • The title compound, C(18)H(20)N(2)O(4), represents a class of molecules with potential applications in materials science.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of the title compound, C(18)H(20)N(2)O(4).
    • To analyze the molecular arrangement, symmetry elements, and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
    • Analysis of the crystal structure included identification of symmetry operations and hydrogen bonding networks.

    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains one-and-a-half independent molecules of C(18)H(20)N(2)O(4).
    • One molecule exhibits centrosymmetry, with the N-N bond midpoint on a center of inversion.
    • The second molecule, in a general position, shows benzene rings aligned at 21.6(1)°, and weak intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding was observed.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(18)H(20)N(2)O(4) is characterized by distinct molecular arrangements and symmetry.
    • The presence of intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding influences the overall crystal packing and stability.