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Related Concept Videos

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

2,4,6-Trifluoro-benzoic acid.

Richard Betz1, Thomas Gerber

  • 1Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, Department of Chemistry, University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|April 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a trifluoroacetic acid derivative, revealing specific bond angles and intermolecular interactions. These interactions, including hydrogen bonds and fluorine-oxygen contacts, form unique dimer and strand structures in the crystal lattice.

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Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
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Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

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Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
08:33

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

Published on: June 28, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding molecular structure and intermolecular forces is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Crystal engineering utilizes non-covalent interactions to design materials with desired characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(3)F(3)O(2).
  • To analyze the specific bond angles and intermolecular interactions present in the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces) was performed.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure exhibits C-C-C angles greater than 120° at fluorine-bonded carbon atoms.
  • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between carboxyl groups form centrosymmetric dimers.
  • Dispersive F⋯O contacts link these dimers into infinite strands along the a axis.

Conclusions:

  • The compound forms a well-defined crystal structure governed by specific angular preferences and intermolecular interactions.
  • The observed hydrogen bonding and F⋯O contacts dictate the supramolecular assembly, leading to a 1D strand architecture.