Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
Evolutionary Psychology01:20

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the human psyche...
Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Phallic01:12

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Phallic

The third stage of psychosexual development proposed by Freud is the phallic stage, occurring between the ages of 3 and 6. During this period, children become aware of their bodies and the differences between males and females. The erogenous zone in this stage is the genitals, and conflicts arise as children develop desires toward the opposite-sex parent. Boys experience the Oedipus complex, where they desire their mother and view their father as a rival. This leads to castration anxiety, the...
Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience01:18

Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience

Self-esteem, a crucial component of psychological development, is significantly shaped by familial experiences. The early parent-child relationship serves as a foundational influence on a child's self-concept, with long-lasting effects extending into adolescence and adulthood.Parental Behaviors and Early Self-Esteem FormationEmpirical studies have identified four principal parental behaviors that foster healthy self-esteem in children. These include expressions of acceptance, affection, and...
Social Identity01:29

Social Identity

Social identity constitutes a significant aspect of an individual’s self-concept, shaped by membership in various social groups, including gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and political affiliation. Individuals associate specific traits with particular social groups, leading to internalization of these traits. For example, musicians are often perceived as creative, while women are frequently associated with nurturing tendencies. Once individuals identify with a particular...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Permission Paradox: Condoning Deception Can Promote Honesty in Young Children.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Negative descriptive norms can influence young children's generosity even when positive descriptive norms do not.

Child development·2026
Same author

Reciprocity norms can promote dishonesty in children.

Child development·2026
Same author

Hiding discrimination in plain sight: The development of reasoning about disparate impact policies.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2025
Same author

Overheard evaluative comments can affect young children's effort.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2025
Same author

Reasoning about the merits of meritocracy.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2025
Same journal

Attention-regulation strategies used by Deaf parents of deaf autistic children: A pilot study.

Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie·2025
Same journal

Perinatal attention, memory and learning <i>during sleep</i>.

Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie·2021
Same journal

[Tool use of objects emerge continuously.]

Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie·2014
Same journal

GESTURE'S ROLE IN CREATING AND LEARNING LANGUAGE.

Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie·2013
Same journal

[What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy?]

Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie·2011
Same journal

Multimodality in infancy: vocal-motor and speech-gesture coordinations in typical and atypical development.

Enfance; psychologie, pedagogie, neuropsychiatrie, sociologie·2011
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

Gender and Psychological Essentialism.

Gail D Heyman1, Jessica W Giles

  • 1University of California, San Diego.

Enfance; Psychologie, Pedagogie, Neuropsychiatrie, Sociologie
|April 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children

More Related Videos

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity
07:32

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:24

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity
07:32

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Essentialism posits that group differences reflect inherent natures.
  • Essentialist beliefs have significant psychological and social implications.
  • Understanding essentialism is crucial for social cognition research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine psychological essentialism in children's gender reasoning.
  • To explore the developmental trajectory of essentialist beliefs.
  • To identify factors influencing context-dependent essentialist reasoning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on essentialism and gender development.
  • Analysis of studies investigating children's reasoning about social categories.
  • Discussion of theoretical frameworks explaining developmental patterns.

Main Results:

  • Children exhibit psychological essentialism when reasoning about gender.
  • Essentialist reasoning varies across age groups and contexts.
  • Developmental shifts in essentialism are influenced by cognitive and social factors.

Conclusions:

  • Children's gender beliefs can be essentialist, impacting social perceptions.
  • Contextual factors play a role in the manifestation of essentialism.
  • Reducing rigid gender beliefs is a key challenge for future research.