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Can oral pathogens influence allergic disease?

Samuel J Arbes1, Elizabeth C Matsui

  • 1Rho, Inc, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. sam_arbes@rhoworld.com

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The hygiene hypothesis suggests fewer infections increase asthma and allergies. Oral bacteria, like periodontal pathogens, may protect against these conditions, but more research is needed.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The hygiene hypothesis links reduced microbial exposure to increased allergic diseases.
  • Decreased oral infectious diseases correlate with rising asthma and allergy prevalence.
  • Oral bacteria, including periodontal pathogens, are hypothesized to offer protection against allergies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential protective role of oral bacteria and periodontal pathogens in asthma and allergy development.
  • To review the biological plausibility and existing evidence for the association between oral pathogen exposure and allergic disease risk.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating oral bacteria, periodontal disease, and allergic conditions.
  • Analysis of immune responses to oral bacteria and the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

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  • Identification of research gaps and limitations in current studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Oral colonization by bacteria, including periodontal pathogens, occurs early in life.
    • Immune responses to oral bacteria suggest plausible mechanisms for influencing allergic disease risk.
    • Existing studies are limited by design, age groups studied, and measurement methods.

    Conclusions:

    • Oral pathogens may have a protective role in allergic disease development.
    • Further research, especially prospective birth cohort and case-control studies in young children, is essential.
    • Well-designed studies are needed to confirm the association between oral pathogen exposure and allergic disease.