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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices
09:30

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Learning-related feedforward inhibitory connectivity growth required for memory precision.

Sarah Ruediger1, Claudia Vittori, Ewa Bednarek

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.

Nature
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Learning strengthens brain connections by increasing specific synapses, enhancing memory precision. This structural plasticity in the hippocampus is crucial for accurate memory recall and learned behaviors.

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Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

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Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

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Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
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Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Structural plasticity, including synapse formation and loss, occurs in the adult brain.
  • The precise function of these synaptic changes in learning and memory remains incompletely understood.
  • New synapse formation is linked to learning new skills, potentially encoding memories or aiding retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rearrangement of mossy fibre terminal complexes in hippocampal and cerebellar circuits upon learning in mice.
  • To determine the functional role of these structural rearrangements in learning and memory.
  • To establish a causal link between learning-induced synaptic plasticity and memory precision.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models (Rab3a(-/-) and Add2(-/-)) to study synaptic plasticity and memory.
  • Examined changes in filopodial synapses onto fast-spiking interneurons following one-trial and incremental learning.
  • Assessed memory precision and c-Fos expression patterns in the hippocampus (CA3 region) after learning tasks like contextual fear conditioning and Morris water maze.

Main Results:

  • Learning induced long-lasting, reversible increases in filopodial synapses onto interneurons, enhancing feedforward inhibition.
  • Increased feedforward inhibition restricted c-Fos-expressing neurons during memory retrieval and correlated with memory quality.
  • In Rab3a(-/-) mice, learning-induced synaptic changes and memory precision were impaired; in Add2(-/-) mice, feedforward inhibition growth was abolished, leading to enlarged c-Fos ensembles and imprecise memory.

Conclusions:

  • Learning-related increases in specific synapses causally enhance the precision of learning and memory in adult brains.
  • Plasticity and feedforward inhibition growth at hippocampal mossy fibres are critical for the precision of hippocampus-dependent memories.
  • Restoring adducin 2 (Add2) in mossy fibres rescued both feedforward inhibition growth and memory precision, confirming its role.