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Related Concept Videos

Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Solvent-controlled intramolecular electron transfer in ionic liquids.

Xiang Li1, Min Liang, Anjan Chakraborty

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|May 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Excited-state electron transfer reactions in ionic liquids show similar dynamics to those in conventional solvents. This study confirms that solvation dynamics control reaction rates across both solvent types for BPAc(+) and bianthryl.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Excited-state intramolecular electron transfer (ESIPT) reactions are fundamental processes in chemistry and biology.
  • Previous studies established that reaction rates in conventional dipolar solvents are governed by solvation dynamics.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) offer unique solvation properties, prompting investigation into their effect on ESIPT reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the established relationships between reaction and solvation times in dipolar solvents hold true for ESIPT reactions in ionic liquids.
  • To compare the kinetic behavior of 9-(4-biphenyl)-10-methylacridinium (BPAc(+)), crystal violet lactone (CVL), and bianthryl in ionic liquids versus conventional solvents.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) to measure the rates of ESIPT reactions.
  • Studied three distinct molecules: BPAc(+), CVL, and bianthryl, across various ionic liquids.
  • Compared experimental results with existing data from conventional dipolar solvents.

Main Results:

  • For BPAc(+), reaction rates clearly followed the established solvation dynamics, confirming the 'yes' hypothesis.
  • Bianthryl, despite its complex barrierless kinetics, also demonstrated the same equality between reaction and solvation times as observed in conventional solvents.
  • While data for CVL had higher uncertainty, its reaction behavior in ionic liquids was also consistent with common dynamics observed in dipolar solvents.

Conclusions:

  • The fundamental relationships between reaction times and solvation dynamics observed in conventional dipolar solvents are largely applicable to excited-state intramolecular electron transfer reactions in ionic liquids.
  • Ionic liquids do not fundamentally alter the solvation-controlled nature of these electron transfer processes for the studied molecules.
  • This work validates the use of ionic liquids as media for studying and potentially tuning photophysical processes governed by solvation dynamics.