Development of a modified grating coupler in application to geosciences

A grating coupler system has been developed to measure refractive index gradients with high spatial (6.7 μm) and temporal (milliseconds) resolution. The system was applied to two-phase model systems consisting of water and non-aqueous pollution liquids. Refractive index gradients at the interfaces between the aqueous and organic phase of 1-butanol, hexane, and 1-heptanol were monitored under steady-state conditions. The temporal resolution was utilized in diffusion experiments with glycerol and sodium chloride in water, where the formation of a concentration gradient was studied. In a further application, the grating coupler system was modified to monitor low-level concentrations of aqueous pollution profiles as are caused by bacterial degradation in the aqueous phase. Toluene was selected as contaminant. The sensor sensitivity was improved by coating the sensor with the pre-concentrating polymers polydimethylsiloxane and Teflon(®) AF-2400. With the grating coupler setup, a multi-purpose instrument was created to measure high-resolution refractive index gradients with high temporal and spatial resolution in different fields of application. The new sensor system can be used to measure absolute refractive indices by covering parts of the sensing area with cover media of known refractive index. Coatings can be used for sensitivity improvement by pre-concentrating the sample, for selectivity by utilizing filtering properties of the coating, and as calibration standard for absolute refractive index measurements.