Autoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus putative lytic switch gene BZLF1

Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene in latently infected lymphocytes is sufficient to trigger the viral lytic cycle. As shown in the accompanying report (E. Flemington and S.H. Speck, J. Virol. 64:1217-1226, 1990), the promoter for the BZLF1 gene (Zp) contains two distinct types of elements (ZI and ZII [an AP-1-like domain]) which are responsive to the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an inducer of the viral lytic cycle. Although Zp can be activated with TPA in an EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Ramos), its activity is considerably lower than in EBV-positive cell lines which can be induced with TPA. Here we show that the protein product of the BZLF1 gene (ZEBRA) can transactivate its own promoter by a mechanism which involves direct binding to a region distinct from the ZI and ZII element. Moreover, we show that this region is composed of two distinct ZEBRA-binding-transactivation domains. Interestingly, these two domains are not homologous, and while one domain (ZIIIA) is similar to previously described ZEBRA-binding domains, the second (ZIIIB) is a higher-affinity site which bears no detectable homology to the consensus ZEBRA recognition sequence. We also show that transactivation is independent of the otherwise essential ZII domain, suggesting that ZEBRA binding may functionally replace or supercede the need for a functional ZII domain. This observation supports a model for activation of the lytic cycle whereby synthesis of a critical level of ZEBRA signals commitment to BZLF1 transcription and initiation of the lytic cascade.