Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Natural killer cells and regulatory T cells in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid - a pilot study.

Fluids and barriers of the CNS·2026
Same author

Clinicians' preferences for radiology reports in a tertiary hospital in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Clinical radiology·2026
Same author

Biogenic AuNP-Loaded Electroconductive Hydrogels: A Multifunctional Therapeutic Strategy for Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction.

Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials·2026
Same author

Periodontitis Prediction Model Using Linked Electronic Health and Dental Records.

JDR clinical and translational research·2026
Same author

Proton Radiotherapy Offers Immune-Sparing Benefits in Glioblastoma Treatment.

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics·2026
Same author

A multi-centre performance evaluation of a commercially developed liquid biopsy for the earlier detection of brain tumours.

ESMO open·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Central inflammation versus peripheral regulation in multiple sclerosis.

L J Edwards1, B Sharrack, A Ismail

  • 1Division of Clinical Neurology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, C Floor, South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom. ljedwards@doctors.net.uk

Journal of Neurology
|May 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circulating T-helper 17 (Th17) and T-regulatory (Treg) cells correlate in healthy individuals. However, in multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine levels suggest impaired central immune regulation.

More Related Videos

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology

Background:

  • T-helper 17 (Th17) cells are pro-inflammatory and implicated in autoimmune diseases.
  • T-regulatory (Treg) cells suppress Th17 activity.
  • The balance between Th17 and Treg cells is crucial for immune homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between circulating Th17 and Treg cells.
  • To examine the relationship between IL17 and IL10 expression in CD4 cells.
  • To assess cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of peripheral blood Th17 and Treg cell populations.
  • Measurement of IL17 and IL10 cytokine expression in CD4 cells.
  • Quantification of IL10, IL17, and TGFβ levels in CSF from MS patients.

Main Results:

  • Circulating Th17 and Treg cell levels are positively correlated.
  • Pro-inflammatory IL17 and anti-inflammatory IL10 expression in CD4 cells are also correlated.
  • No clear correlation between CSF IL10 and IL17 in MS; a negative correlation was observed during relapse.
  • Negative correlation between CSF IL17 and TGFβ levels in MS patients.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral immune cell populations show coordinated regulation.
  • Central immune regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines appears impaired in MS.
  • These findings suggest a breakdown in immune balance within the central nervous system in MS.