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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Diverticular Disease of the Colon01:27

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
06:05

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Concomitant urethral triplication, bladder, and colon duplication.

Ali Tourchi1, Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh, Mahshid Khakpour

  • 1Pediatric Urology Research Center Pediatric Center of Excellence, No. 32, 2nd Floor, 7th Street, Saadat-Abad, Ave., 1998714616 Tehran, Iran. ali.tourchi@ugent.be

International Urology and Nephrology
|May 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a rare case of urethral triplication with associated bladder, sigmoid, and rectum duplication. Surgical management successfully resolved fecaluria and urinary tract infections, restoring normal voiding.

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Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
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Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection
06:05

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
03:19

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: June 21, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Medical Case Reports

Background:

  • Congenital anomalies involving the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts are uncommon.
  • Urethral triplication and caudal duplication are exceptionally rare, with no prior documented instances of their concomitant occurrence.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with fecaluria and recurrent urinary tract infections.
  • Physical examination revealed two meatal openings on the glans penis.
  • Imaging studies confirmed urethral triplication with bladder, sigmoid, and rectum duplication, including a rectal urethra and a sagittally divided bladder.

Findings:

  • Surgical intervention involved excising the rectal urethra and the bladder septum.
  • Resection of the duplicated sigmoid and rectum (containing fecal matter) was performed.
  • The two ventral urethras were preserved, leading to a successful outcome.

Implications:

  • This case expands the understanding of rare congenital genitourinary and gastrointestinal malformations.
  • Successful surgical management highlights the possibility of correcting complex duplications.
  • The findings contribute to the limited literature on combined urethral and caudal duplications.