Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Overview

Ionic Strength: Overview

The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution to...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...

The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions

The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions

The Debye–Hückel theory, established by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in 1923, is a fundamental concept in physical chemistry. It provides an understanding of the behavior of strong electrolytes in solution, particularly explaining their deviations from ideal behavior.The theory is based on Coulombic interactions (the attraction or repulsion between charged particles) between ions in solution. In an ionic solution, oppositely charged ions tend to attract each other. This means that cations...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), topomer CoMFA, and hologram QSAR studies on a series of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors.

Chemical biology & drug design·2016

Same author

Multi-response optimization of factors affecting ultrasonic assisted extraction from Iranian basil using central composite design.

Food chemistry·2015

Same author

QSAR prediction of HIV-1 protease inhibitory activities using docking derived molecular descriptors.

Journal of theoretical biology·2015

Same author

Elicitation of the most important structural properties of ionic liquids affecting ecotoxicity in limnic green algae; a QSAR approach.

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety·2012

Same author

In-silico prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices of some terpenols.

Journal of separation science·2012

Same author

In silico prediction of dermal penetration rate of chemicals from their molecular structural descriptors.

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

Cytotoxicity estimation of ionic liquids based on their effective structural features.

Mohammad H Fatemi¹, Parisa Izadiyan

¹Chemometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

|May 10, 2011

Summary

Ionic liquids (ILs) cytotoxicity was assessed using quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models. Cationic components significantly influence IL toxicity, guiding the design of safer alternatives.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Toxicology
Computational Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Ionic liquids (ILs) are versatile compounds with tunable properties.
Assessing ILs' biological effects, specifically cytotoxicity, is crucial for their safe application.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantitative Structure-Toxicity Relationship (QSTR) methodologies are powerful tools for predicting compound toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To estimate the cytotoxicity of 227 diverse ionic liquids against the Leukemia Rat Cell Line (IPC-81).
To develop and validate predictive QSTR models using various computational approaches.
To identify key structural features governing the cytotoxicity of ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

Utilized a dataset of 227 ionic liquids with varied cation (imidazolium, pyridinium, etc.) and anion types.
Employed quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) methodology.
Developed linear and nonlinear models using genetic algorithm (GA), multiple linear regressions (MLR), and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP NN).
Performed internal and external validation and determined the chemical applicability domain using the leverage approach.

Main Results:

The study revealed that the cationic moieties of ionic liquids are the primary drivers of cytotoxicity.
Anionic components play a secondary role in modulating the toxic effects.
Validated QSTR models demonstrated robustness and reliability in predicting IL cytotoxicity.
The chemical applicability domain was successfully established.

Conclusions:

Cation structure is the dominant factor influencing the cytotoxicity of the studied ionic liquids.
The developed QSTR models provide a reliable framework for predicting IL toxicity.
This research facilitates the rational design of safer ionic liquids by understanding structure-toxicity relationships.