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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
05:46

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.

Published on: February 14, 2021

Complex loading affects intervertebral disc mechanics and biology.

B A Walter1, C L Korecki, D Purmessur

  • 1College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
|May 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Asymmetric compression causes intervertebral disc (IVD) injury, leading to cell death and inflammation. This study highlights the need to address these factors to prevent disc degeneration.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
05:46

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.

Published on: February 14, 2021

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
06:22

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration

Published on: July 8, 2021

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc
08:03

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Published on: April 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Spinal Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Complex loading during spinal motion can cause intervertebral disc (IVD) injury.
  • Hyperflexion is a known cause of IVD injury.
  • Limited research exists on the biological and structural changes from injurious complex loading, a potential driver of chronic disc degeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if low-level asymmetric axial compression induces IVD injury.
  • To investigate cellular and structural responses to this loading in a large animal model.
  • To understand the mechanisms contributing to disc degeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Bovine caudal IVDs were cultured for 7 days under static load.
  • IVDs were subjected to control or 15° asymmetric compression (wedge group).
  • Assessments included confined compression, qRT-PCR, histology, Western blot for aggrecan degradation, and compositional analysis.

Main Results:

  • Asymmetric compression caused cell death and increased apoptosis (caspase-3 staining) in the concave annulus fibrosus.
  • Aggrecan loss and increased aggregate modulus were observed in the concave annulus.
  • The convex annulus showed increased MMP-1, ADAMTS4, IL-1β, IL-6 mRNA, and reduced aggregate modulus.

Conclusions:

  • Asymmetric compression directly harms IVD tissue and cells, initiating a degenerative cascade.
  • This loading regime promotes cell death, inflammation, and catabolism.
  • The explant model effectively shows how injurious mechanical loading drives cellular responses and disc degeneration, suggesting interventions targeting inflammation, apoptosis, and lamellar integrity are crucial.