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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
Published on: September 29, 2016
Two-component systems and their co-option for eukaryotic signal transduction
G Eric Schaller1, Shin-Han Shiu, Judith P Armitage
1Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. george.e.schaller@dartmouth.edu
Abstract:
Two-component signaling pathways involve histidine kinases, response regulators, and sometimes histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins. Prevalent in prokaryotes, these signaling elements have also been co-opted to meet the needs of signal transduction in eukaryotes such as fungi and plants. Here we consider the evolution of such regulatory systems, with a particular emphasis on the roles they play in signaling by the plant hormones cytokinin and ethylene, in phytochrome-mediated perception of light, and as integral components of the circadian clock.
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