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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays
10:45

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Published on: May 29, 2017

Early neural responses to strength training.

Victor S Selvanayagam1, Stephan Riek, Timothy J Carroll

  • 1School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. victor.selvanayagam@uqconnect.edu.au

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|May 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Strength training causes early neural adaptations in forearm muscles, similar to motor learning. These changes, measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), shift muscle twitches toward the training direction.

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Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Published on: July 5, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays
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Published on: May 29, 2017

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Neural adaptations to strength training are not fully understood.
  • Motor learning involves shifts in muscle twitches, suggesting potential overlap with strength training mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if isometric strength training induces similar neural adaptations as observed in ballistic motor learning.
  • To examine the effects of different contraction types (ballistic vs. sustained) on neural responses to strength training.

Main Methods:

  • 12 participants underwent three distinct isometric strength training protocols for forearm muscles.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and twitch force resultant vectors before and after training sessions.
  • Muscle responses were analyzed following brief ballistic, sustained ballistic, and slow sustained contractions.

Main Results:

  • All training protocols resulted in a significant shift of TMS-induced twitch force vectors towards the training direction (P < 0.05).
  • This shift was transient, with vectors gradually returning to the pre-training direction.
  • The most pronounced effect was observed with training combining ballistic and sustained force components.
  • No significant changes were noted in twitches evoked by direct motor nerve stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Single sessions of isometric strength training induce rapid neural adaptations in corticospinal excitability, mirroring those seen in motor learning.
  • These early neural changes may represent a crucial precursor to long-term strength gains.
  • The findings highlight the role of neural plasticity in the initial phases of strength development.