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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Electronic Structure of Atoms02:28

Electronic Structure of Atoms


An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers:  n, l, ml, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Realizing all-spin-based logic operations atom by atom.

Alexander Ako Khajetoorians1, Jens Wiebe, Bruno Chilian

  • 1Institute of Applied Physics, Hamburg University, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created atomic-scale spintronic devices using fabrication and spin microscopy. These devices perform logic operations like NOT and OR by controlling individual atomic spins through indirect coupling.

More Related Videos

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication
12:35

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication
12:35

Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

Published on: July 17, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Quantum Computing
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The development of atomic-scale devices is crucial for advancing computing technologies.
  • Spintronics offers a pathway to novel electronic devices by utilizing electron spin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct and demonstrate atomic-scale model systems capable of performing logic operations.
  • To explore substrate-mediated indirect exchange coupling for interconnecting individual atomic spins.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing bottom-up atomic fabrication techniques.
  • Employing spin-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy for readout.
  • Investigating spin frustration phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Successfully constructed atomic-scale systems performing logic operations.
  • Demonstrated logical interconnections between individual atomic spins via indirect exchange coupling.
  • Enabled various logic gate operations, including NOT and OR.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic-scale all-spin-based devices are achievable through combined fabrication and spin microscopy.
  • Substrate-mediated coupling and spin frustration are key mechanisms for atomic-scale logic.
  • This research paves the way for future spintronic computing architectures.