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Related Concept Videos

Endocytosis01:16

Endocytosis

Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
Endocytosis always begins with the plasma membrane enclosing an incoming molecule to form a transport vesicle which, in some cases, can be coated with a protein called ‘clathrin.' Endocytosed material is either sorted through...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). It is perhaps unsurprising, that many...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Measuring the pH, Redox Chemistries, and Degradative Capacity of Macropinosomes using Dual-Fluorophore Ratiometric Microscopy
07:31

Measuring the pH, Redox Chemistries, and Degradative Capacity of Macropinosomes using Dual-Fluorophore Ratiometric Microscopy

Published on: August 19, 2021

Internalization of macromolecules by live cells.

D Derossi1, A Prochiantz

  • 1Développement et Evolution du Système Nerveux, CNRS URA 1414, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris, Cedex 05, France.

Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
|May 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic cells can internalize extracellular molecules like growth factors and transcription factors through unconventional uptake mechanisms. This process allows these molecules to reach cellular compartments and influence gene transcription.

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Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
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Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Published on: March 10, 2014

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Measuring the pH, Redox Chemistries, and Degradative Capacity of Macropinosomes using Dual-Fluorophore Ratiometric Microscopy
07:31

Measuring the pH, Redox Chemistries, and Degradative Capacity of Macropinosomes using Dual-Fluorophore Ratiometric Microscopy

Published on: August 19, 2021

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages
08:06

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Published on: March 10, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cell membranes are typically impermeable to non-lipophilic substances.
  • Internalization of extracellular compounds usually requires specific channels or endocytic mechanisms.
  • Recent studies indicate that certain proteins can bypass these barriers for cellular entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and present data on unconventional cellular uptake mechanisms for macromolecules.
  • To explore the internalization of specific growth factors and transcription factors.
  • To discuss the potential applications of these mechanisms for targeted delivery into live cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and data on protein internalization.
  • Analysis of reported cases of fibroblast growth factor-1 and -2 (FGF-1, FGF-2), schwannoma-derived growth factor (SDGF), Tat protein, and homeodomain polypeptides uptake.
  • Speculative discussion on the implications and potential uses of these uptake pathways.

Main Results:

  • Several proteins, including FGF-1, FGF-2, SDGF, Tat protein, and homeodomain polypeptides, can be internalized by cells.
  • These internalized factors can be trafficked to cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments.
  • Nuclear-localized factors have demonstrated the ability to directly interfere with gene transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Unconventional cellular uptake mechanisms exist for certain macromolecules.
  • These pathways allow proteins to enter cells and access intracellular targets like the nucleus.
  • Further research into these mechanisms could lead to novel strategies for macromolecular drug delivery and gene regulation.