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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
08:56

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats

Published on: April 7, 2023

Update on hormonal contraception and bone density.

Michelle M Isley1, Andrew M Kaunitz

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. Michelle.Isley@osumc.edu

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|May 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hormonal contraceptives like DMPA may reduce bone density, raising fracture risk concerns, especially in adolescents and perimenopausal women. This review examines evidence and provides clinical recommendations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
08:56

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats

Published on: April 7, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Combination hormonal and progestin-only contraceptives are widely used reversible methods.
  • Concerns exist regarding reduced bone mineral density (BMD) with hormonal contraceptive use.
  • Adolescent and perimenopausal women are of particular interest due to bone mass acquisition and loss phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on hormonal contraception's impact on bone density.
  • To assess effects in adolescent, premenopausal, and perimenopausal populations.
  • To provide clinical recommendations based on current evidence and organizational guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on hormonal contraception and bone density.
  • Analysis of data concerning adolescent, premenopausal, and perimenopausal users.
  • Review of recommendations from reproductive healthcare organizations.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests hormonal contraceptives, particularly depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), can reduce BMD.
  • Concerns about long-term fracture risk exist, especially with extended DMPA use (>2 years).
  • The FDA issued a black box warning for DMPA regarding bone loss.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal contraception use is associated with changes in bone density.
  • Careful consideration of risks and benefits is needed, particularly for vulnerable populations.
  • Clinical recommendations aim to guide safe and effective contraceptive choices.