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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Accuracy of the rapid-response electroencephalography's Automated Seizure Burden Estimator: A follow-up validation study of version 8 (AccuRASE II).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

Extrapyramidal epilepsy.

Ioannis Karakis1, Andrew J Cole, Daniel B Hoch

  • 1Massachussets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ikarakis@partners.org

Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape
|May 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paroxysmal non-epileptic movement disorders are rare and often misdiagnosed as epilepsy. Early recognition and diagnostic tools like video-EEG are crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment of these extrapyramidal diseases.

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
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Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
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Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Non-epileptic paroxysmal movement disorders are rare extrapyramidal diseases.
  • Their clinical signs are often overlooked due to low prevalence and subtle examination findings.

Observation:

  • The paroxysmal, stereotypical nature and response to benzodiazepines can lead to misdiagnosis as epileptic seizures.
  • A case of paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia misdiagnosed as epilepsy for decades is presented.

Findings:

  • The study summarizes key pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of these disorders.
  • Video-electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are highlighted as a valuable diagnostic tool.

Implications:

  • Increased physician awareness and inclusion in epilepsy mimics differential diagnosis lists are recommended.
  • Prolonged video-EEG monitoring can prevent diagnostic delays and inappropriate treatments for paroxysmal movement disorders.