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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

How does your cortex grow?

Armin Raznahan1, Phillip Shaw, Francois Lalonde

  • 1Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. raznahana@mail.nih.gov

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Human brain development shows distinct trajectories for cortical thickness and surface area, interacting differently by age and sex. These findings reveal hidden patterns in cortical volume maturation for neuroscience research.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Human brain development

Background:

  • Understanding human cortical maturation is crucial in developmental neuroscience.
  • Longitudinal studies reveal tempo of anatomical change is key, not just anatomy at one time point.
  • Surface-based morphometry (SBM) distinguishes cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) from cortical volume (CV).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To combine longitudinal designs with SBM to deconstruct human cortical development.
  • To reveal distinct developmental trajectories of CT and SA within overall CV maturation.
  • To identify age- and sex-dependent patterns in cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Applied SBM to over 1250 longitudinal brain scans from 647 healthy individuals (ages 3-30).
  • Analyzed interactions between CT and SA changes over time.
  • Investigated SA changes in relation to cortical surface area and gyrification.

Main Results:

  • Distinct trajectories of CT and SA underlie the curvilinear pattern of CV maturation.
  • Developmental changes in CV result from sexually dimorphic and age-dependent interactions of CT and SA.
  • SA changes reflect complex interactions between exposed cortical area and gyrification, varying by age and sex.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical development is characterized by dissociable, interacting trajectories of thickness and area.
  • These developmental dissociations show specific timing and sex-biases.
  • Understanding these patterns offers new research targets for basic and clinical neuroscience.