Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n) to the number of categories (k).

Statistical Analysis: Overview

Statistical Analysis: Overview

When we take repeated measurements on the same or replicated samples, we will observe inconsistencies in the magnitude. These inconsistencies are called errors. To categorize and characterize these results and their errors, the researcher can use statistical analysis to determine the quality of the measurements and/or suitability of the methods.
One of the most commonly used statistical quantifiers is the mean, which is the ratio between the sum of the numerical values of all results and the...

Law of Rational Indices

Law of Rational Indices

The Law of rational indices is a fundamental principle in the field of crystallography. According to this law, the intercepts of a crystal face along the crystallographic axes (the three-dimensional axes along which a crystal is measured) can be expressed as either equivalent to the unit intercepts (a, b, c) or simple whole number multiples of them. These multiples are typically denoted as na, n'b, and n''c, where n, n', and n'' are simple whole numbers.To illustrate, consider a crystal with...

Therapeutic Index

Therapeutic Index

The therapeutic index of a drug is a key parameter in pharmacology that quantifies the relative safety of a drug by calculating the ratio between the dose that causes toxicity in half the population (50%) to the dose that proves to be effective for half the population (50%). It provides a spectrum of doses for a particular drug ranging from effective to potentially toxic. To illustrate, consider an anticoagulant agent like warfarin. It possesses a narrow window within its therapeutic index to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Appropriate application of statistical methods in physiological research].

Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi = Zhongguo yingyong shenglixue zazhi = Chinese journal of applied physiology·2018

Same author

[How to scientifically estimate sample size in physiological research].

Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi = Zhongguo yingyong shenglixue zazhi = Chinese journal of applied physiology·2018

Same author

Clinical progression and predictors of death in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China.

Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology·2013

Same author

Multifactor designs able to examine the interactions.

Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine·2012

Same author

Three-factor designs unable to examine the interactions (part 2).

Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine·2012

Same author

Three-factor designs unable to examine the interactions (part 1).

Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Published on: May 24, 2019

How to appropriately choose observed indexes.

Liang-ping Hu¹, Xiao-lei Bao, Xue Guan

¹Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China. lphu812@sina.com

Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao = Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine

|May 14, 2011

Summary

Research indexes are crucial for measuring outcomes in studies. This article defines, categorizes, and explains how to select and observe these vital research elements.

Area of Science:

Biostatistics
Research Methodology

Background:

Observed indexes are fundamental components of research design.
They serve as specific indicators of how research factors impact subjects.
Indexes are indispensable for all forms of scientific inquiry.

Purpose of the Study:

To define and characterize research indexes.
To outline the principles for selecting and observing research indexes.
To differentiate between major and minor indexes in research.

Main Methods:

Literature review on research index definition and application.
Categorization of observed indexes into two main types.
Discussion on the selection criteria and observation techniques for indexes.

More Related Videos

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Published on: May 14, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Spotlighting Customers' Visual Attention at the Stock, Shelf and Store Levels with the 3S Model

Published on: May 24, 2019

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain

Published on: May 14, 2009

Main Results:

Observed indexes reflect the effects of research factors on subjects.
Two primary types of indexes exist: natural attributes/states and treatment effects.
Key considerations for index selection and observation are detailed.

Conclusions:

Proper understanding and application of research indexes are vital for valid study outcomes.
The choice and observation of indexes directly influence the interpretation of research findings.
Differentiating between major and minor indexes aids in focused research analysis.