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Ray-based description of shadow zone arrivals.

A L Virovlyansky¹, A Yu Kazarova, L Ya Lyubavin

¹Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Science, 46 Ul'yanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. viro@hydro.appl.sci-nnov.ru

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

|May 17, 2011

Summary

Sound energy penetrates the geometric shadow zone in oceans due to internal wave scattering. Stochastic ray theory quantifies this effect, revealing how shadow zone arrivals extend with range.

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Area of Science:

Underwater acoustics
Oceanography
Wave propagation

Background:

Internal waves cause sound speed variations in the ocean.
These perturbations scatter acoustic energy, affecting sound propagation over long distances.
Sound energy typically does not reach the geometric shadow zone.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the penetration of sound energy into the geometric shadow zone.
To develop analytical estimates for shadow zone arrival characteristics.
To understand the role of stochastic ray theory in describing chaotic ray behavior.

Main Methods:

Field experiments and numerical simulations.
Stochastic ray theory for statistical description of chaotic rays.
Analytical evaluation of probability density functions for perturbed rays.

Main Results:

Sound energy penetrates below the unperturbed timefront into the geometric shadow zone.
Shadow zone arrivals are continuations of timefront cusps.
Cusp extensions into the shadow zone grow with range as r(1/2).

Conclusions:

Internal wave scattering enables sound energy to reach previously shadowed regions.
Analytical estimates provide insights into the vertical extent and energy distribution within shadow zones.
The findings are applicable to steep rays in underwater acoustic environments.