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Related Concept Videos

Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
Wave Parameters01:10

Wave Parameters

The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...

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A Stable Phantom Material for Optical and Acoustic Imaging
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Ray-based description of normal modes in a deep ocean acoustic waveguide.

A L Virovlyansky1, A Yu Kazarova, L Ya Lyubavin

  • 1Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|March 12, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzes acoustic wave propagation in deep ocean sound channels affected by internal waves. It provides analytical estimates for how sound energy distributes among modes and how individual mode pulses change over long distances.

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Area of Science:

  • Ocean acoustics
  • Wave propagation physics
  • Underwater sound

Background:

  • Ocean environments exhibit complex sound speed profiles due to internal waves.
  • Understanding acoustic modal structure is crucial for long-range underwater sound propagation.
  • Previous models often simplify the effects of random sound speed fluctuations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an approximate analytical description of acoustic modal structure in deep ocean environments with random internal waves.
  • To estimate the distribution of acoustic energy among normal modes for monochromatic fields.
  • To analyze the characteristics of mode pulses, including their travel time and spread.

Main Methods:

  • Combining ray path parameters with stochastic ray theory for modal structure analysis.
  • Deriving analytical estimates for coarse-grained energy distribution between normal modes.
  • Calculating analytical estimates for mode pulse spread and mean travel time bias.

Main Results:

  • An approximate analytical description of modal structure at megameter ranges was derived.
  • A simple analytical estimate for the coarse-grained distribution of acoustic energy among normal modes was obtained.
  • Analytical estimates for mode pulse spread and bias in mean travel time were derived.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a framework for understanding acoustic propagation in complex ocean sound channels.
  • The derived estimates are valuable for predicting signal characteristics over long distances in the presence of internal waves.
  • This research contributes to the field of underwater acoustics and signal processing.