Bridging flocculation of PEI-functionalized latex particles using nanocrystalline cellulose

Polystyrene microspheres were functionalized by covalent binding of 250 kDa linear PEI and ethanolamine, acting as a blocking agent, through bioconjugation with EDAC. The functionalized spheres were found to become less susceptible to salt-induced flocculation due to electrosteric stability, caused by the PEI chains at low NaCl concentrations, and at high salt concentration, by steric repulsion by the ethanolamine layer, which in combination with van der Waals attraction results in a shallow energy minimum and the formation of a few unstable aggregates. The latex aggregated in the presence of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) with varying efficiencies, depending on the ratio of NCC to latex particles in solution. Polyelectrolyte titration showed that each latex sphere contained about 15 grafted PEI chains. The fastest aggregation was detected when about half of these chains were covered by a single NCC particle.