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Related Concept Videos

pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Pre-mRNA Processing02:01

Pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
09:16

Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

Published on: May 3, 2014

3' processing of eukaryotic precursor tRNAs.

Richard J Maraia1, Tek N Lamichhane

  • 1Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NationalInstitute of Child Health and Human Development, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. maraiar@mail.nih.gov

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|May 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic tRNA 3' end processing is complex, influenced by oligo(U) tract length and proteins like La and Lsm. This review proposes a pathway where oligo(U) length dictates La binding and subsequent processing steps.

Keywords:
La proteinLhp1Lsm8RNase PRex1Rpc11Rrp6Sla1TRAMP complexTrf4tRNase Z

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Published on: January 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Processing

Background:

  • Eukaryotic tRNA biogenesis involves transcription by RNA polymerase III and intricate processing steps.
  • While 5' end processing by RNase P is singular, 3' end processing is complex and reviewed herein.
  • The 3'-oligo(U) tract, generated by pol III termination, is a critical, underappreciated determinant of 3' processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex mechanisms of eukaryotic precursor tRNA (pre-tRNA) 3' end processing.
  • To highlight the role of the 3'-oligo(U) tract as a key determinant in pre-tRNA 3' processing.
  • To propose a model for pre-tRNA 3' processing involving oligo(U) length, La/Lsm proteins, nucleases, and surveillance pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tRNA 3' end biogenesis.
  • Analysis of evidence for the role of pol III-intrinsic 3'exonuclease activity (Rpc11p) in regulating oligo(U) tract length.
  • Examination of data from a Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA reporter system to elucidate La protein chaperone activities.

Main Results:

  • The 3'-oligo(U) tract length significantly influences La protein binding and subsequent 3' processing.
  • Distinct pathways for 3' processing exist, involving either endonuclease RNase Z or exonuclease Rex1p, modulated by La protein.
  • A nuclear surveillance system, involving TRAMP and the exosome, degrades structurally impaired pre-tRNAs, potentially competing with 3' processing.

Conclusions:

  • A proposed pathway suggests 3' oligo(U) tract length is a primary determinant of La binding, initiating distinct 3' processing steps.
  • La and Lsm proteins possess chaperone activities crucial for correct pre-tRNA processing.
  • Nuclear surveillance pathways interact with, and potentially compete against, the canonical pre-tRNA 3' processing machinery.