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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi
12:33

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Published on: July 6, 2016

HSV neutralization by the microbicidal candidate C5A.

Lot de Witte1, Michael D Bobardt, Udayan Chatterji

  • 1The Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Plos One
|May 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The peptide C5A effectively inhibits genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections by damaging the viral membrane. This antiviral action also prevents HIV-1 transmission by protecting genital epithelial cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Genital herpes, caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2, is a significant risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition.
  • The peptide C5A, derived from HCV protein 5A, has previously shown efficacy against HIV-1 but not other viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antiviral activity of C5A against HSV infections.
  • To determine C5A's potential in preventing HIV-1 transmission in the context of HSV co-infection.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and ex vivo models using epithelial cells to test C5A's efficacy against HSV-1 and HSV-2.
  • Assessing C5A's effect on viral membrane integrity and drug-resistant HSV strains.
  • An in vitro HIV-1 transmigration assay using primary genital epithelial cells to evaluate C5A's impact on HIV-1 transmission during HSV infection.

Main Results:

  • C5A demonstrated potent inhibition of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 in epithelial cells and ex vivo models.
  • C5A destabilized the HSV viral membrane and inhibited drug-resistant strains.
  • C5A treatment abolished HSV-induced HIV-1 transmigration by preventing HSV infection and preserving epithelial integrity.

Conclusions:

  • C5A is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent effective against HSV-1 and HSV-2.
  • C5A acts as a multipurpose microbicide candidate, neutralizing both HSV and HIV-1.
  • C5A shows promise in preventing HIV-1 transmission by targeting HSV co-infection and maintaining genital epithelial barrier function.