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Related Concept Videos

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Improving Translational Accuracy

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis

Published on: June 15, 2010

Error-prone and error-restrictive mutations affecting ribosomal protein S12.

Deepali Agarwal¹, Steven T Gregory, Michael O'Connor

¹School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.

Journal of Molecular Biology

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomal protein S12 is crucial for accurate translation. New methods reveal diverse S12 mutations impacting decoding fidelity, some increasing errors and others reducing them.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Ribosomal protein S12 (S12) is essential for accurate protein synthesis.
S12 inspects codon-anticodon pairing and facilitates tRNA accommodation.
Streptomycin resistance mutations in S12 are linked to decreased miscoding, but represent a limited subset of possible alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the functional diversity of S12 mutations beyond streptomycin resistance.
To investigate the impact of unselected S12 alterations on translational fidelity.

Main Methods:

Utilized a recombineering approach for random mutagenesis of the Escherichia coli rpsL gene, encoding S12.
Screened mutants for effects on decoding fidelity, independent of streptomycin sensitivity.

Main Results:

Recovered over 40 unique S12 substitutions affecting translation accuracy.
Identified mutants that either promote or restrict decoding errors.
These alterations did not substantially alter streptomycin sensitivity.

Conclusions:

S12 plays a diverse role in regulating decoding accuracy.
Unselected mutations reveal novel functions of S12 in translational fidelity.
The study expands our understanding of S12's contribution to accurate protein synthesis.