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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

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Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (<i>E</i>)-<i>N</i>'-benzyl-idene-4-chloro-benzene-sulfono-hydrazide and of its (<i>E</i>)-4-chloro-<i>N</i>'-(<i>ortho</i>- and <i>para</i>-methyl-benzyl-idene)benzene-sulfono-hydrazide derivatives.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
06:54

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants

Published on: February 10, 2023

2,4-Dimethyl-phenyl 4-methyl-benzoate.

B Thimme Gowda, Miroslav Tokarčík, Jozef Kožíšek

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(16)H(16)O(2) reveals two aromatic rings with a specific dihedral angle. Molecules in the crystal are aligned along the c axis, with no classical hydrogen bonds observed.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Solid-State Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular arrangements in crystals is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Dihedral angles between aromatic rings influence molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions.
    • The absence of hydrogen bonds affects crystal packing and stability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the precise crystal structure of the title compound, C(16)H(16)O(2).
    • To analyze the spatial arrangement and interactions of molecules within the crystal lattice.
    • To characterize the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings and the molecular orientation.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to elucidate the three-dimensional crystal structure.

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    Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

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    06:52

    Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

    Published on: October 30, 2018

  • Crystallographic data were collected and analyzed to determine atomic positions and bond lengths/angles.
  • Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding, were systematically investigated.

    • Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(16)H(16)O(2) was successfully determined.
    • A dihedral angle of 49.1(1)° was measured between the two aromatic rings.
    • No classical hydrogen bonds were identified in the crystal lattice.
    • The molecular long axes were observed to be oriented along the crystallographic c axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides detailed structural information for C(16)H(16)O(2).
    • The observed dihedral angle and lack of hydrogen bonds offer insights into the compound's solid-state behavior.
    • The molecular alignment along the c axis may influence anisotropic physical properties.