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Related Concept Videos

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

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Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram
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l-Serine methyl ester hydro-chloride.

Arie Schouten1, Martin Lutz

  • 1Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a compound, revealing how intermolecular hydrogen bonds arrange molecules into specific layered structures. These findings are crucial for understanding crystal packing and molecular interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions is key to predicting crystal structures.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the self-assembly of molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(4)H(10)NO(3) (+)·Cl(-).
  • To investigate the intermolecular forces governing the compound's solid-state arrangement.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (O-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯Cl) was performed.

Main Results:

  • The compound crystallizes in an enantiopure form.
  • Intermolecular O-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds were identified.
  • These hydrogen bonds link molecules into distinct layers parallel to the (001) crystallographic plane.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure is stabilized by a specific network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
  • The observed layered arrangement is a direct consequence of these hydrogen bonding interactions.
  • This structural information contributes to the broader understanding of hydrogen-bonded crystalline materials.