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Related Concept Videos

Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak monoprotic...

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Dichlorido{μ(3)-6,6'-dieth-oxy-2,2'-[ethane-1,2-diylbis(nitrilo-methyl-idyne)]diphenolato}octa-methyldi-μ(3)-oxido-tetra-tin(IV).

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9-{4-[(E)-2-(4,6-Dimethyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)ethen-yl]phen-yl}-9H-carbazole.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

Bis(4-hydroxy-pyridinium) sulfate monohydrate.

Ying-Ming Xu, Shan Gao, Seik Weng Ng

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a pyridinium sulfate monohydrate salt. The arrangement reveals stacked cations and a hydrogen-bonded network involving cations, sulfate anions, and water molecules.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science
    • Chemical Physics

    Background:

    • Understanding the crystal structure of salts is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • Pyridinium salts and their derivatives are widely used in various chemical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of the title salt, 2C(5)H(6)NO(+)·SO(4) (2-)·H(2)O.
    • To analyze the intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and cation stacking, within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional atomic arrangement.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bonding networks and crystal packing was performed.

    Main Results:

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    Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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    Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

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    Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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    Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

    Published on: May 18, 2018

    • The crystal structure features planar pyridinium cations stacked approximately parallel to each other (dihedral angle of 8.6°).
    • Pyridinium and hydroxyl hydrogen atoms act as donors, forming hydrogen bonds with sulfate anions.
    • A robust three-dimensional network is established through O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, integrating cations, anions, and water molecules.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure provides fundamental insights into the solid-state behavior of this pyridinium sulfate monohydrate.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network dictates the overall crystal packing and stability.