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Related Concept Videos

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

4-Iodo-anilinium nitrate.

Xue-Qun Fu1

  • 1Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a novel compound is stabilized by π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds. These forces create zigzag chains, influencing the material's properties.

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates
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One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

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Area of Science:

  • Crystal engineering
  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for designing novel materials.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides insights into molecular arrangement and stability.
  • Hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are key non-covalent interactions in crystal engineering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of a novel compound.
  • To elucidate the role of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding in stabilizing the crystal lattice.
  • To characterize the self-assembly behavior of the title compound.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular distances and angles was performed to identify key interactions.
  • Crystal structure visualization tools were used to illustrate the packing and hydrogen bonding networks.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure is stabilized by significant π-π stacking interactions between aromatic rings, with centroid-centroid distances of 4.014(4) and 4.029(4) Å.
  • Strong N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds were observed, linking cations and anions.
  • These interactions organize the components into zigzag chains extending along the c axis.
  • The asymmetric unit was found to contain two unique cations and anions, indicating a complex crystallographic அமைப்பு.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of the title compound is effectively stabilized by a combination of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding.
  • The observed zigzag chain motif highlights the directional nature of these intermolecular forces.
  • This study contributes to the understanding of crystal packing in related organic salts and provides a foundation for further materials design.