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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the –COOH carbon is identified as the parent chain. Then, the last -e of the parent hydrocarbon name is replaced with a suffix -oic acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
05:20

Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Published on: December 8, 2023

2-(2,4-Dichloro-phen-yl)acetic acid.

Jiang-Sheng Li, Qi-Xi He, Peng-Yu Li

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a dichlorinated benzoic acid derivative. Molecules form dimers via hydrogen bonds and extend into chains through weak interactions, revealing key structural features.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Supramolecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic molecules is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • Carboxylic acids and their derivatives often exhibit interesting hydrogen bonding patterns in crystals.
    • Halogenated aromatic compounds present unique intermolecular interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(8)H(6)Cl(2)O(2).
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and weaker interactions, governing the crystal packing.
    • To determine the spatial arrangement of the carboxyl group relative to the benzene ring.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
    05:20

    Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

    Published on: December 8, 2023

  • Analysis of the crystal structure involved identifying hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.
  • Intermolecular interactions were characterized using geometric parameters and established criteria.

    • Main Results:

    • The dihedral angle between the carboxyl unit (C-C(=O)-OH) and the benzene ring was determined to be 70.70(4)°.
    • Molecules self-assemble into inversion dimers mediated by strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • These dimers are further organized into chains along the [001] direction through weak C-H⋯Cl interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(8)H(6)Cl(2)O(2) is characterized by a significant twist between the carboxyl group and the aromatic ring.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a primary role in dimer formation, a common motif in carboxylic acid crystals.
    • Weak C-H⋯Cl interactions contribute to the overall chain architecture, highlighting the importance of non-classical interactions in crystal engineering.