Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.0K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
2.0K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

2.6K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
2.6K
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

2.5K
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
2.5K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

3.0K
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
3.0K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview01:16

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

4.4K
Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named Schiff bases after its discoverer—the German chemist Hugo Schiff. On the other hand, secondary amines react with carbonyl compounds to give enamines. In enamines, the presence of a C=C double bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom leads to the delocalization of the lone pair.
4.4K
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

1.8K
Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Real-world assessment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal, disease burden and financial burden among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Singapore-A single-centre retrospective cohort study.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026
Same author

Two new cassane derivatives from the seeds of <i>Hultholia mimosoides</i>.

Journal of Asian natural products research·2026
Same author

Non-Destructive Early Sex Identification of Embryonated Quail Eggs Using Raman Spectroscopy.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026
Same author

Research on the mechanism of Duhuo in treating intervertebral disc degeneration based on bioinformatics and network pharmacology.

Medicine·2026
Same author

Dihydromyricetin Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Modulating CKLF1-Mediated Cardiomyocyte Pyroptosis.

Phytotherapy research : PTR·2026
Same author

A Non-Destructive Early Sex Identification Method for Chicken Embryos Based on Improved MobileViT-V3.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026
Same journal

Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Green Synthesis of β-Enaminones Using Cost-Effective Coal Tar-Based POP: A Sustainable Approach with Molecular Docking Insights into Antibacterial Potential.

Current organic synthesis·2026
Same journal

Synthetic Strategies for Mono-Carbonyl Curcumin Analogues: Reaction Optimisation, Substituent Influence, and Emerging Sustainable Methods.

Current organic synthesis·2026
Same journal

The Study of the 2D-NMR of the Compound N-Methyl-N-(naphth-2-ylmethoxy)-β-D-xylosylamine.

Current organic synthesis·2026
Same journal

A New Ultrasonic-Assisted One-Step Synthesis of Skin Lightening Bioactive Molecules by Using Fe/SiO2 as a Catalyst.

Current organic synthesis·2026
Same journal

Novel Azo-Oxazine-Tetrazole Hybrids Conjugated with TEMPO-oxidized Cellulose Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Against Drug-resistant S. aureus.

Current organic synthesis·2026
Same journal

Direct C-H Difluoromethylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones/Coumarins Based on the Oxidation of Hypervalent Iodine (III) Reagent.

Current organic synthesis·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2025

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
05:17

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

1.5K

Cyanamide-Based Cyclization Reactions for Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles Synthesis.

Yu-Xin Wu1, Cheng-Liang Liu1, Qian Yan1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.

Current Organic Synthesis
|January 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyanamide is a versatile chemical intermediate crucial for synthesizing nitrogen-containing heterocycles, including pharmaceuticals and materials. This review highlights radical and non-radical pathways for efficient synthesis, promoting green chemistry.

Keywords:
Cyanamidesnitrogen-containing heterocyclesnon-radical synthesisquinazolinesquinazolinonesradical synthesisγ-lactams.

More Related Videos

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.0K
Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

10.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2025

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
05:17

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

1.5K
A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
07:30

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

8.0K
Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes
12:27

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Published on: September 8, 2013

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are vital scaffolds in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and natural products.
  • Cyanamide, a dual-functional intermediate, is essential for synthesizing these heterocycles.
  • Diverse synthetic applications of cyanamide are critical for drug development and new material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress of cyanamide in synthesizing nitrogen-containing heterocyclic frameworks.
  • To emphasize radical and non-radical synthetic pathways and their mechanisms.
  • To reveal the potential applications of these compounds in various fields.

Main Methods:

  • Summarization of cyanamide's role in synthesizing quinazoline, quinazolinone, and γ-lactams.
  • Emphasis on radical and non-radical synthetic strategies.
  • Explication of reaction mechanisms for diverse heterocyclic frameworks.

Main Results:

  • Cyanamide enables the synthesis of polycyclic N-heterocyclic frameworks via radical pathways.
  • Non-radical pathways using cyanamide yield a variety of nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
  • The review covers cyanamide's application in synthesizing quinazoline, quinazolinone, and γ-lactams.

Conclusions:

  • Cyanamide offers extensive and flexible applications in chemical synthesis.
  • The reviewed methods support green chemistry and sustainable development goals.
  • These advancements are expected to drive the development of efficient synthesis strategies for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials.