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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

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Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
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Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

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2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-methyl-6-methoxy-quinoline.

F Nawaz Khan, S Mohana Roopan, Venkatesha R Hathwar

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a compound, C(11)H(10)ClNO(2). The analysis reveals near-planar molecular geometry and intermolecular hydrogen bonding forming crystal chains.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Solid-state chemistry

Background:

Understanding molecular arrangement in crystals is crucial for predicting material properties.
Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in supramolecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(10)ClNO(2).
To investigate intermolecular interactions and their impact on crystal packing.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of atomic coordinates and bond distances/angles.

Main Results:

The non-hydrogen atoms of C(11)H(10)ClNO(2) exhibit approximate planarity (r.m.s. deviation = 0.058 Å).

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Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

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Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

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Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

Adjacent molecules are connected via O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.

These hydrogen bonds result in the formation of chains extending along the crystallographic a axis.

Conclusions:

The crystal structure of C(11)H(10)ClNO(2) is characterized by planar molecular geometry and a hydrogen-bonded chain motif.
This specific packing arrangement influences the solid-state properties of the compound.