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Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X₂ to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.

Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core

Scale-up Chemical Synthesis of Thermally-activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on the Dibenzothiophene-S,S-Dioxide Core

Published on: October 24, 2017

Ethane-1,2-diaminium 4,5-dichloro-phthalate.

Graham Smith, Urs D Wermuth

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a compound, revealing hydrogen-bonded ribbons formed by dications and dianions. These ribbons assemble into 2D sheets, with specific carboxylate group orientations observed in the dianions.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Understanding the self-assembly of organic molecules is crucial in supramolecular chemistry.
Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in directing the formation of complex crystal structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of the compound C(2)H(10)N(2) (2+)·C(8)H(2)Cl(2)O(4) (2-).
To analyze the hydrogen bonding patterns and resulting supramolecular architecture.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds and torsion angles, was performed.

Main Results:

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Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

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The crystal structure is characterized by hydrogen-bonded ribbon substructures formed by dications and dianions.

These ribbons associate to form a two-dimensional sheet structure extending along the c-axis and b-axis.

In the dianions, carboxylate groups exhibit distinct orientations relative to the benzene ring, with torsion angles of 177.67° and 81.94°.

Conclusions:

The study reveals a complex supramolecular assembly driven by hydrogen bonding in the title compound.
The observed arrangement highlights the interplay between ionic components and specific functional group geometries in crystal engineering.