Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of ceramic materials on the optical properties of porcelain veneers for tetracycline-stained teeth.

Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology·2021

Same author

[Effect of porcelain thickness and substrate on optical properties of porcelain veneers for tetracycline stained teeth].

Shanghai kou qiang yi xue = Shanghai journal of stomatology·2020

Same author

Structure-performance relationship for a family of disperse azo dyes having the same D-π-A 4-nitro-4'-amino-azobenzene skeleton: structures, solvatochromism and DFT computations.

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy·2014

Same author

Two pairs of 1 : 2 nickel(II) and copper(II) metal-complex dyes showing the same trans configuration and azo-hydrazone transformation but different thermal properties.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2013

Same author

Azo-hydrazone tautomerism observed from UV-vis spectra by pH control and metal-ion complexation for two heterocyclic disperse yellow dyes.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2012

Same author

2-Amino-6-nitro-1,3-benzothia-zol-3-ium hydrogen sulfate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

2-(Dihydroxy-meth-yl)pyridinium chloride.

Hui-Fen Qian, Wei Huang

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

The study reveals a novel hydrogen-bond network in a crystalline compound. Chloride anions link multiple cations, forming an intricate structure through O-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯Cl interactions.

Area of Science:

Crystallography
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the assembly of crystal structures.
Understanding intermolecular interactions is key to predicting material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the intermolecular interactions and hydrogen bonding in the title compound, C(6)H(8)NO(2) (+)·Cl(-).
To elucidate the role of chloride anions in the crystal lattice formation.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of inter-atomic distances and angles to identify hydrogen bonds.

Main Results:

The crystal structure of C(6)H(8)NO(2) (+)·Cl(-) was successfully determined.

More Related Videos

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF₆: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF₆: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

Intermolecular O-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds were identified.

Each chloride anion was observed to link three adjacent cations, forming a 3D hydrogen-bond network.

Conclusions:

The study highlights the significant role of hydrogen bonding in the self-assembly of the title compound.
The observed network structure provides insights into the supramolecular architecture driven by specific cation-anion interactions.