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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

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The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...

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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)
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N-(2-Methyl-phen-yl)succinamic acid.

B Thimme Gowda, Sabine Foro, B S Saraswathi

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of C(11)H(13)NO(3), revealing specific molecular conformations and intermolecular interactions. These interactions, including hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions, dictate the compound

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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

    Published on: January 3, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure
    • Organic chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformations is crucial for predicting chemical properties.
    • Intermolecular interactions influence crystal packing and material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(13)NO(3).
    • To analyze the specific conformations of amide and benzene ring substituents.
    • To identify and characterize intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
    • Analysis of bond conformations (anti, syn).
    • Identification of hydrogen bonding (O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O) and C-H⋯π interactions.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(11)H(13)NO(3) was determined.
    • Anti conformations of N-H and C=O bonds and syn conformation of the amide H atom were observed.
    • Carboxylic acid inversion dimers and infinite chains formed via intermolecular hydrogen bonds were identified.
    • Intermolecular C-H⋯π interactions were also present.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure reveals specific conformational preferences within the molecule.
    • Intermolecular interactions play a significant role in the self-assembly of the molecules in the solid state.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in organic crystalline materials.