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Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

Physical Properties of Amines

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an –NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is designated for this skeleton. As shown in Figure 1, the common names of the functionalized anilines involve prefixes ortho-, meta-, and para- to indicate the substitution position. Different functionalized aniline derivatives also have notable trivial names.

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of Enantiopure Non-Activated Aziridines and Synthesis of Biemamide B, D, and epiallo-Isomuscarine

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N-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)ethanimidamide.

Nubia Boechat, Warner B Kover, Sabrina B Ferreira

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 18, 2011

Summary

This study reveals a twisted molecular structure in a novel compound, C(8)H(9)ClN(2). The crystal structure exhibits a unique zigzag pattern formed by hydrogen bonds.

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Crystallography
Chemical Physics

Background:

Understanding molecular conformations is crucial for predicting chemical properties and reactivity.
Crystal engineering utilizes intermolecular interactions to design materials with specific architectures.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the three-dimensional molecular structure and crystal packing of the compound C(8)H(9)ClN(2).
To investigate the nature of intermolecular interactions governing the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided conformational insights.
Hydrogen bonding interactions (N-H⋯N and N-H⋯Cl) were identified and characterized.

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Main Results:

The compound C(8)H(9)ClN(2) adopts a significantly twisted conformation, with a dihedral angle of 66.54° between the ethanimidamide residue and the benzene ring.
The stereochemistry around the C=N double bond was determined to be Z, with a bond length of 1.299 Å.
A two-dimensional zigzag array was observed in the crystal structure, driven by N-H⋯N and N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

The study provides detailed structural information on C(8)H(9)ClN(2), highlighting a notable deviation from planarity.
The observed crystal packing demonstrates the significant role of hydrogen bonding in directing the self-assembly of organic molecules.
These findings contribute to the understanding of structure-property relationships in related chemical entities.