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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

11.5K
Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
11.5K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

11.8K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
11.8K
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

3.7K
Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
3.7K
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

10.8K
When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
10.8K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

8.9K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
8.9K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

7.6K
Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
7.6K

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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Synthesis of Masarimycin, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Gram-Positive Bacterial Growth
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N-Benzyl-N-methyl-morpholinium chloride.

Yan-Jiang Bian1

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry and Materials Science, Langfang Teachers' College, Hebei, Langfang 065000, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a novel compound, revealing weak hydrogen bonds between cations and anions. The morpholine ring within the structure is confirmed to adopt a stable chair conformation.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions and conformations is crucial in chemical research.
  • The morpholine ring is a common heterocyclic motif in various chemical structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(12)H(18)NO(+)·Cl(-).
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.
  • To determine the conformational preferences of the morpholine ring system.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts was performed.

Main Results:

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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  • The crystal structure of C(12)H(18)NO(+)·Cl(-) was successfully determined.
  • Weak C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds were identified, connecting the cationic and anionic components.
  • The morpholine ring was observed to adopt a chair conformation, a common and stable form.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal packing is influenced by C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding.
  • The chair conformation of the morpholine ring is energetically favorable in this crystalline environment.
  • This structural information provides insights into the solid-state behavior of morpholine-containing compounds.